Comparative Analysis of Mechanisms of Schumpeterian Evolution

The paper extends the research program of modeling the Schumpeterian vision of innovative development in the framework of the Arrow-Debreu theory of general equilibrium. To study changes in the production sector, as well as in the whole economy, the concept of extension of the systems under study is introduced. It enables us to model the mechanisms of Schumpeterian evolution in the conceptual apparatus of Hurwicz’s theory of economic mechanisms. The paper is aimed at expanding our previous studies into two new directions. First, we establish the conditions sufficient for improving positions of various groups of agents such as producers, innovators, consumers, etc., under the price or qualitative mechanism regime. Second, to compare mechanisms of Schumpeterian evolution, we respect the logic of this process which is determined by innovative, as well as adaptive, equilibrium changes in the evolving economy under consideration. Consequently, we formulate two different criteria in our comparative analysis based, on the one hand, on the index of the distance between two innovative extensions of the given economic system and, on the other hand, on the increase in wealth of the given set of agents. The motivations of innovators, and the reason for which innovations are adopted into the producers’ and consumers’ plans of action, are also precisely explained in the paper. The results of our theoretical research can be useful in economic analyses, among others, in the case of the lack of the sufficient access to statistical data. Due to both the formal conceptual apparatus of the general equilibrium theory and Hurwicz’s approach to the problem of designing economic mechanisms, the paper takes the form of an axiomatic deductive system of mathematical theorems interpreted in the language of economics.


INTRODUCTION
Joseph Schumpeter distinguished two forms of economic life: the circular flow and economic development based on innovations (see Schumpeter, 1934). The circular flow resembles the "blood circulation in a living organism" and is interpreted as the stagnation of economic life. Economic development, driven by innovators, means a spontaneous and discontinuous change in the channels of the circular flow and usually implies the disturbance of equilibrium. During economic development, two tendencies in the production sphere are observed: innovation creation and the elimination of existing products or organizational structures and their replacement by new ones. Finally, it moves the system back to a new stationary state, where previous innovations have been absorbed in an equilibrated system. The analysis of mechanisms of economic evolution was at the core of Joseph Schumpeter's interest.
The paper is aimed at expanding our previous studies into two new directions. First, we establish the conditions sufficient for improving positions of various groups of agents such as producers, innovators, consumers, etc., under the price or qualitative mechanism regime. Second, to compare mechanisms of Schumpeterian evolution, we respect the logic of this process which is determined by innovative, as well as adaptive, equilibrium changes in the evolving economy under consideration. Consequently, we suggest two different criteria in our comparative analysis based, on the one hand, on the index of the distance between two innovative extensions of the given economic system and, on the other hand, on the increase in wealth of the given set of agents.
Finally, it should be emphasized that from the methodological viewpoint we go beyond the perfect rationality paradigm in our modeling, because economic agents are not able to perform their optimal plans of actions in out-of-equilibrium states. To model such stages of evolutionary process, we define and analyze economic systems labeled as quasi-systems.
This paper consists of six parts. In the second part, the literature review is presented, while in the third part, the research method used in the paper is characterized. In the fourth part the basic model, namely the private ownership economy with almost all inactive agents, as well as various kinds of extensions of subsystems of the considered economy, and extensions of the economy as a whole, are defined. In the fourth part, the reader can also find the short characteristics of Hurwicz's economic mechanisms as well as the comparative analysis of the innovative evolution and the adopting mechanisms, respectively. The fifth part is devoted to discussion, and the sixth part contains the conclusions. Due to the formal conceptual apparatus of the general equilibrium theory, as well as Hurwicz's approach to the problem of designing economic mechanisms, the paper takes the form of an axiomatic deductive system of mathematical theorems interpreted in the language of economics.

LITERATURE REVIEW
The paper extends the research program of modeling the Schumpeterian vision of innovative development in the Arrow-Debreu theory of general equilibrium (cf. Malawski, 2005Malawski, , 2008Malawski & Woerter, 2006;Ciałowicz & Malawski, 2011;Malawski, 2013). The core of this set-up is based on modeling the two fundamental forms of economic life distinguished by Schumpeter (1934), namely the circular flow and economic development by specific extensions of the production and consumption systems being the part of the Debreu private ownership economy, so that the analysis includes static as well as dynamic forms. Moreover, this research program has been recently combined (see Lipieta & Malawski, 2016;Lipieta, 2013) with Hurwicz's theory of economic mechanism (see for instance Hurwicz & Reiter, 2006).
At the same time, the current neo-Schumpeterian studies suggest (Hanusch & Pyka, 2007;Andersen, 2009) that the Schumpeterian innovative evolution is governed by two different kinds of mechanisms. First, quantitative, price mechanisms to determine the prices and quantities of goods in the state of Walrasian equilibrium corresponding to the circular flow, and, second, qualitative mechanisms typical for economic development explaining the role of innovations.
Indeed, Andersen (2009) identifies two opposing evolutionary mechanisms: first, the mechanism of innovation which moves the economic system from a stationary state to its maximally disequilibrated state; Second, the mechanism of adaptation to move the system back to a new stationary state, where previous innovations have been absorbed in an equilibrated system of economic routines.
Similarly, transition from the circular flow to economic development can be characterized as follows (Hanusch & Pyka, 2007): "It is no longer price competition only, but following his ideas of development, quality competition, driven by innovations and imitations of economic actors, takes over the leading role. In other words, profit opportunities are signaled not exclusively by market prices but also by creativity and daringness of entrepreneurial actors who change the relative scarcity in an economic system".
This analysis of Schumpeterian evolution mechanisms, presented above, suggests that the mechanisms under study can be classified into two categories: price mechanisms corresponding to circular flow and qualitative mechanisms based on innovations. However, our general, more rigorous setting (see also Lipieta & Malawski, 2016;Lipieta, 2013) implies that it is difficult to preserve this dichotomy and a variety of economic mechanisms should be taken into account. The main premise in this context is based on our viewpoint that the consequences of innovative changes contribute to more diversified results. Specifically, this variety of qualitative mechanisms concerns the agents whose positions get better off. Thus we can distinguish qualitative mechanism with respect to the given set of agents, for example, the set of innovators or all producers.

RESEARCH METHOD
The axiomatic method is the main method used in the paper. The axiomatic method in economy was initiated in the 1930s, during the studies on the problem of the existence of the Walras equilibrium, especially by Wald and Neumann. After that, the axiomatic method appeared respective, natural and useful, especially in theoretical economics. Using the rationality assumption of behavior of economic agents and the principle ceteris paribus, it lets us isolate the objects under study from the rest of the world. We can find axiomatic models in, for instance, the theory of general equilibrium, social choice theory, and the theory of mechanism design. These theoretical models play an important role also in empirical economics, indicating the objects and variables worth being empirically verified.
Generally, we can say that the mathematical methods play the role of mental experiments to allow us the analysis of economic processes. Some of our results have the form of theorems with rigorous proofs.

ANALYSIS The private ownership economy with almost all inactive agents
In the process of evolution of an economy, some agents can enter or exit the market. Hence, in modeling the structure of Schumpeterian evolution, it is convenient to consider the economy with a countable number of agents (compare to Lipieta, 2013). Firstly, the production sector of the economy will be defined. Let • = ( ) ∈ℕ -be a countable set of producers, • : ∋ → ⊂ ℝ ℓ -be a correspondence of production sets, which to every producer assigns a non-empty production set ( ) = ⊂ ℝ ℓ of the producer's feasible production plans, where • ∈ ℝ ℓ be a price vector.
Definition 1. The two-range relational system = ( ,ℝ ℓ ; , ), is called the quasi-production system. The producer for which ( ) = {0} is called the inactive producer, while the producer for which ( ) ≠ {0} is called the active one. The idea of the set of inactive agents simplifies comparing changes in the system under study at different points of time. Especially, it enables us to consider the potential future producers in the initial system as well as the producers which will stop, after some time, their activities in the market.
Every element * of the set ( ) is called the optimal plan of producer .
The "quasi-type" of production systems enables us to model the production sector of an economy under a bounded rationality assumption. This is because, in the quasi-production system, the aims of producers are not specified in contrast to the production system (compare to Def. 1 and 2), where producers maximize profits at given prices and technologies. Hence, to keep up the spirit of Schumpeterian thinking, innovations and structural changes of the production sector of an economy are modeled in the quasiproduction systems (compare to Lipieta, 2013).
Similarly, a quasi-consumption system is defined. Let • = ( ) ∈ℕ be a countable set of consumers, • ⊂ ℝ ℓ × ℝ ℓ be the family of all preference relations in ℝ ℓ , • : ∋ → ( ) = ⊂ ℝ ℓ be a correspondence of consumptions sets which to every consumer assigns a nonempty consumption set being a subset of the commodity space ℝ ℓ and representing the consumer's feasible consumption plans with respect to his psycho-physical structure; moreover
Every element * of the set ( ) is called the optimal plan of consumer .
The "quasi-type" of consumption system allows a situation where there is no upper bound on the budget set for the preference relation of a consumer. However, we assume, according to the rationality assumption, that if there is a consumption plan maximizing the preference relation of consumer on his budget set, then consumer just realizes his best plan (one of his best plans). Now, we can assume the following definition: ; , , , ) is the quasi-consumption system, • ( ) ∈ ℝ ℓ for ∈ ℕ, ( ) ≝ 0 ∈ ℝ ℓ for > , ∑ ∈ ( ) = is called the private ownership economy with almost all inactive agents. If is the production system ( = ) and is the consumption system ( = ), then the private ownership economy with almost all inactive agents ℇ will be called the Debreu economy.
The private ownership economy with almost all inactive agents operates as follows. Let a price vector ∈ ℝ ℓ be given. Every active producer realizes a production plan ̃ ∈ ( ). It is assumed that every inactive producer realizes plan ̃ = 0 ∈ ℝ ℓ (his activity is reduced to zero production plan). The profit of each producer , by realization of the plan ̃ , is divided among all consumers according to function . Hence, the expenditure (wealth) of every consumer cannot be greater than the value So the budget set of every consumer at price system is of the form In this situation, if ( ) ≠ ∅ and ( ) ≠ ∅ at given price system (see Def. 4), then consumer chooses his consumption plan ̃ = * ∈ ( ) ⊂ ( ) maximizing his preference on the budget set ( ). If ( ) ≠ ∅ and ( ) = ∅, then consumer chooses his consumption plañ ∈ ( ), due to his own criterion. If ( ) = ∅, then we assume that ̃ = 0 ∈ ℝ ℓ . As above, it is assumed that every inactive consumer realizes plan ̃ = 0 ∈ ℝ ℓ for > .

Extensions of the private ownership economies
To study changes in the economies, we will examine the concept of extensions of production and consumption systems respectively, as well as the economy as a whole (see also Lipieta, 2013). (1) Consider a quasi-production system = ( ,ℝ ℓ ; , ) in the fixed point of time = 0. Assuming that system evolves, after a certain time in the point = 1, the components (see Def. 2.1) of system can be transformed into the components of a quasi-production system ′ = ( ′ ,ℝ ℓ ′ ; ′ , ′), where additionally = ′ for every ∈ {1,…,max{ , ′}}. That will be noted by ⊂ ′. The quasi-production system ′ will be called the transformation of the system on the time interval [0,1].
If ⊂ ′ and an active producer from system stops his activity on the market in the observable time interval, then he will become the inactive producer in the system ′. Hence for producer , Similarly, if an active producer appears in the system ′ which is the transformation of system , then he is considered as the inactive producer in the system , formally ( ) = {0} and ′( ) ≠ {0}. Notice that inactive agents, in fact, do not influence on actions of active producers on the market. Hence if ⊂ ′ , then without loss of generality we can assume that = ′ for every ∈ {max { , ′} +1, … }. Hence, we assume that = ′.
Definition 6. The quasi-production system ′ is called the cumulative extension of the quasi-production system , in short ⊂ ′, if , then the quasi-production system ′ is said to be the strong cumulative extension of quasi-production system ( ⊊ ′), with respect to the profit, if and only if, Notice that if ⊂ ′ and ℓ= ℓ′ (then the natural projections are identity mappings), then neither new firms nor commodities appear and the old ones are not eliminated from the production process. The old technologies are still used (condition 3 by Def. 6) with non-decreasing prices (condition 2 by Def. 6), which result in not less profit (condition 4 by Def. 6). Hence, the idea of the cumulative extension of the quasi production system, where ℓ = ℓ ′ can be interpreted as the mathematical model of the Schumpeterian circular flow in the production sphere (compare to Schumpeter, 1934 andLipieta, 2013). If ℓ < ℓ′, then new commodities appear on the market. Moreover, if ( ) = {0} and ′( ) ≠ {0} for some ∈ , then producer enters the market, if ( ) ≠ {0} and ′( ) = {0}, then producer exits the market. The strong version of the cumulative extension of a production system with respect to its given component is defined to model and express substantial changes in the production sector (compare to Malawski, 2013).
We start now the analysis of the Schumpeterian economic development from definitions of innovations and innovative changes. The innovation is a new commodity or a new technology introduced into the economy. The innovator is the producer who introduces an innovation. Consequently, introducing a new commodity or a new technology into the production sector of an economy are called the innovative changes in the production sector (of the economy) or, simply, in that economy. To model the innovative changes in the production sector, the innovative extension of a production system is defined (compare to Lipieta, 2013).
Definition 7. The quasi-production system ′ is called the innovative extension of the quasi-production system , in short ⊂ ′, if The producer satisfying condition 2 or 3 (by Def. 7) adequately, is called the innovator. If producer is the innovator then the vectors ′ are called (his) innovative plans. The set of innovators will be denoted by . If ⊂ ′ where ℓ = ℓ′, then innovations are reduced to the implementation of new technology into production without introducing a new commodity. Condition 2 by Definition 7 means that every innovator in system ′ can realize the innovative plan ′ which guarantees him a higher profit at prices determined in system ′ than any of his plan realized in system . If ⊂ ′ and ℓ < ℓ′, than a new commodity is introduced by an innovator and every innovator introduces new technology into the production sphere (condition 3 by Def. 7). The innovative plan ′ carried out by innovator in system ′ gives him also more profit then any plan realized by him in system but at respective prices taken from system ′. We assume, following Schumpeterian thinking, that producers' aim is to increase the profits and it motivates them to introduce innovations. Hence, if ⊂ ′, then every innovator in system ′ realizes such plan, which gives him a higher profit than by realizing plans feasible so far, that is one of his innovative plans. Consequently, if ′ is the production system ( ′ = ′), then every innovator realizes some plan ′ satisfying condition 2 or 3 (by Def. 7) respectively, and it has to be one of his optimal plans. Moreover, the set ′ ( ), for every ∈ , consists only of optimal plans of producer . As a results, if ℇ = (ℝ ℓ , , , , ) and ℇ ′ = (ℝ ℓ ′ , ′ , ′, ′ , ′) are the private ownership economies with almost all inactive agent, where ⊂ ′, ′ = ′ as well as ℇ ⊂ ℇ ′, then the state of equilibrium (see (2)) if existed, in economy ℇ ′ contains on the coordinate proper for innovator , one of his innovative plan which gives him maximal profit.
If ⊂ ′ and is the production system ( = ), then by conditions 2 and 3 by Definition 7, it follows that The above conditions mean that if ⊂ ′ and is the production system, then every innovator in system ′ gets, by realization one of his innovative plans ′ , the profit higher than profit obtained by realization any of his plans from system at respective prices from system ′. Hence the innovators are better off in the system ′ than in the system in the sense of condition (3).
Hence if = proj ℝ ℓ ( ′), then the innovators are better off in the system ′ than in the system in the sense of condition (3). The innovator 0 , for whom is called the leading innovator, the market leader or shortly the leader. If ⊂ ′ as well as one of the above condition is satisfied, then there is at least one innovator in system ′ who gains, by realization one of his innovative plans ′ , the profit higher than profits of all producers from system , determined at respective prices taken from system ′.
The leaders can also appear in quasi-production systems but if there is a producer in system for whom the maximal profit does not exist, then no leader will appear in system ′. If ′ is the production system ( ′ = ′), then there is at least one market leader in system ′.
Let us notice that if the quasi-production system ′ is the cumulative extension of the production system ( ⊊ ′) with respect to the profit, then ′ can be also the innovative extension of ( ⊂ ′).

Mechanisms connected to evolutions of the private ownership economies
In this part of the paper, some definitions useful for modeling the structure of Schumpeterian evolution mechanisms will be formulated.
Let ≠ ∅ be the set of environments, namely elements that constrain the situation of economic agents (see Hurwicz, Reiter, 2006;Jordan 1982). The set of desired outcomes (the outcome sets) is denoted by ( ≠ ∅). It is assumed that the economic agents can communicate by sending and retrieving messages that are necessary for achieving goals.
Definition 11 (Lipieta, 2013). An economic mechanism, in which the prices of commodities are elements of the message space which will be called the price mechanism.

Agnieszka Lipieta and Andrzej Malawski /
An economic mechanism, in the consequence of which the position of at least one agent from a subset of the set of all agents will be better off in the sense of conditions (3) and (4), without making the position of the rest of the agents from the subset worse off, will be called the qualitative mechanism with respect to this subset. Now let us focus on the structure of evolution of the economy under study. At the beginning, we consider the Debreu economy ℇ = (ℝ ℓ , , , , ) in which a state of equilibrium exists. According to Schumpeterian ideas (see Schumpeter, 1934) economy ℇ evolves for a certain time, in the direction to its modified form that is its innovative extension ℇ ′ = (ℝ ℓ ′, ′, ′, ′, ′ ). Hence ℇ ⊂ ℇ ′ . The final economy ℇ ′ should also be the Debreu economy in equilibrium. In the meantime, some agents might enter or exit the economy, the producers can change their technologies, some innovations can be introduced into the market, the consumption sets and the budget sets might be verified as well as the producers' and consumers' optimal plans can be changed. In some cases, the producers do not maximize their profits or the consumers do not manage to maximize their preferences, etc. All of that becomes the basis for our modeling.
It should be emphasized that the expected increase in the profits motivates innovators to modifying their technologies.
The interval [0,1] is interpreted as the time of evolution of economy ℇ to economy ℇ ′.
Theorem 1 If ℇ and ℇ ′ are private ownership economies with almost all inactive agents, then the transition from economy ℇ to economy ℇ ′, is the price mechanism.

Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Psychological Traits as Factors Influencing Productivity Justyna Sokołowska-Woźniak and Dariusz Woźniak (Eds.)
Proof. Let = { 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 ,…} be the set of agents. The environment of every agent ∈ in this situation is determined by the characteristics of that agent in economy ℇ . Hence it is of the form: Hence the set of environments of every agent and the set of environments are given by The logic structure of action of economy ℇ implies that as well as : → , for every agent ∈ , is given by

Now we get that
Defining message correspondence : → by the rule we get that the transition from economy ℇ to economy ℇ ′ is the privacy preserving price mechanism realizing the goal correspondence : ∋ ( 1 , 2 , …) → {( 1 , 2 , …)} ∈ , with the set of outcomes . The components of the environments { } ∈ form the economy ℇ ′ which gives the results.
A similar reasoning leads us to the theorems which give the conditions sufficient for the price mechanism to be a suitable qualitative mechanism.
Theorem 2. Let ℇ and ℇ ′ be the private ownership economies with almost all inactive agents, ℇ ⊂ ℇ ′. 1. If ⊂ ′, = proj ℝ ℓ ( ′) and ′ = ′, then the price mechanism is also the qualitative mechanism with respect to the set of innovators, 2. If ⊊ ′ with respect to the profit and ′ = ′, then the price mechanism is the qualitative mechanism with respect to the set of all producers, 3. If ⊊ ′ with respect to the demand and ′ = ′ , then the price mechanism is the qualitative mechanism with respect to the set of all consumers.
On the basis of theorems 1 and 2 we get the following: Theorem 3. Let ℇ , ℇ ′ be the private ownership economies with almost all inactive agents, ℇ ⊂ ℇ ′ as well as ℇ ′ = ℇ ′. 1. If ℇ ⊊ ℇ ′, where ⊊ ′ with respect to the demand or ⊊ ′ with respect to the profit, then the price mechanism is also the qualitative mechanism with respect to the set of all agents.
2. If ℇ ⊂ ℇ ′ and = proj ℝ ℓ ( ′), then the price mechanism is also the qualitative mechanism with respect to the set of innovators.
3. If ℇ ⊂ ℇ ′, = proj ℝ ℓ ( ′) as well as ⊂ ′, then the price mechanism is also the qualitative mechanism with respect to the set consisted of consumers and innovators.

Comparative analysis of mechanisms of evolutions of the Debreu economy
To compare possible innovative evolutions of the Debreu economy, we define the index of innovativeness of a possible transformation of the economy under study. It relies on comparing states of equilibrium in the adequate economies. Let ℇ = (ℝ ℓ , , , , ) and ℇ ′ = (ℝ ℓ ′, ′, ′, ′, ′) be the private ownership economies with almost all inactive agents. First we determine the distance between the allocations in economies ℇ and ℇ ′. Let us recall that if a producer , for ∈ {1,2,…, }, will exit the market in point of time ∈ (0,1], then ′( ) = {0} and consequently ′ = 0 ∈ ℝ ℓ ′. Similarly, if a producer , for > , enter the market in point ∈ (0,1], then we put = 0. Under the above assumptions, for ∈ ≝ {1,2, … , { , ′}} the distance between vectors and ′ , is defined b In the same way, the distance between consumption plans and ′ for every ∈ ≝ {1,2, … , { , ′}} is defined. On the basis of the above, we define the index which helps to compare the innovativeness of different transformations of the initial economy. Following Schumpeterian thinking, we assume that both: the initial and final economies are the Debreu economies (ℇ = ℇ ,ℇ ′ = ℇ ′) as well as ℇ ⊂ ℇ ′. Let (( * ) ∈ ,( * ) ∈ , ) and (( ′ * ) ∈ ,( ′ * ) ∈ , ′) be states of equilibrium in the economies, adequately ℇ and ℇ ′. The distance between two states is equal: The number (7) is called the index of innovativeness of the economy ℇ ′ with the realized allocation (( ′ * ) ∈ ,( ′ * ) ∈ ). It measures the highest difference between the quantities of commodities in the agents' plans of actions in times = 0 and = 1. Consequently, the above defined index of innovativeness shows the biggest change introduced to the economy under study on the given time interval. Let us emphasize that the level of the index of innovativeness of the economy ℇ ′ depends not only on the initial economy but also on the realized allocation. If the designer of economic activity aims at inducing or increasing the innovative activities on market, then he will intend to establish the state of equilibrium with the higher level of the index of innovativeness rather than with the smaller one, especially if the innovators are better off (see (3)) in the economy ℇ ′ than in the initial economy ℇ p .
It may happen that in the final economy ℇ ′ there are at least two different states of equilibrium with the same index of innovativeness. Then it seems to be "very Schumpeterian" that the designer will tend to establish a "better" state of equilibrium. This is the problem under study in the next part of the paper.

Comparative analysis of mechanisms of equilibrium in the Debreu economy
As was emphasized earlier, the final stage of Schumpeterian economic development is moving the system to a new stationary state, where previous (7) innovations have been absorbed in the equilibrated system (see for instance Andersen, 2009). If, for some ∈ {1,2, … , }, ℇ ⊂ ℇ ′ ( ) where ℇ ′( ) is the Debreu economy, then at time , the adapting mechanisms will start working in the economy ℇ ′( ) until any producer does not change his activity on the market. If any producer introduces innovative changes, then it means that innovative evolution of economy ℇ is still working. The innovative evolution will be stopped when every producer will be satisfied with his profit and the consumers will adopt the innovations into consumptions plans. Hence if ℇ ⊂ ℇ ′ and the producers do not change their plans of action as well as ℇ ′ is the Debreu economy (ℇ ′ = ℇ ′), the adopting procedures start working.
Now we face a challenge to model the second type of mechanism whose output is a state of equilibrium in the given economy. This type of mechanism was defined in Lipieta (2013) but for an economy with a finite number of agents. The following theorem is proved in the same way as Theorem 4. 1 in Lipieta (2013).
If the set is not empty, then the components of economy ℇ form the economic mechanism with as the set of outcomes.

DISCUSSION
Let ℇ = (ℝ ℓ , , , , ) be the Debreu economy where two states of equilibrium (see (2)) are feasible, namely ̃ ≝ ((̃ * ) ∈ ,(̃ * ) ∈ ,) and ̃ ≝ ((̃ * ) ∈ ,(̃ * ) ∈ ,). Now the problem under study is to define a criterion to enable comparing these two sequences in the context of improving positions of the economic agents taking part in the market activities in the meaning of conditions (3) and (4) or under improvement of the position of the economy as a whole. The term: improvement of the position of the economy will be defined later.
First, some basic properties of states of equilibrium or quasi-equilibrium in the private ownership economy will be presented. Assume first that ̃ = . Then * ∼ ̃ * for every ∈ {1, … , } and ∘ * = ̃∘ ̃ * for every ∈ {1,…, }. It means that the positions of every economic agent in the sense of conditions (3) and (4) are not changed. If = • for > 1, then also * ∼ ̃ * for every ∈ {1, … , } but ∘ * > 0 ⟹ ∘ * < ̃∘ ̃ * for every ∈ {1, … , } as well as ∘ * < 0 ⟹ ∘ * > ̃∘ ̃ * for every ∈ {1, … , } As we see, if the prices are proportionally higher in the sequence ̃ than in sequence (see (8)) then some economic agents can be better off (see (3)) while some of them can be worse off in the state of economy of the form ̃ in comparing to the state . The same can appear if vectors ̃ and are diametrically different. So, in many cases, the positions of some economic agents are improved while some of them not.

Agnieszka Lipieta and Andrzej Malawski /
The number can be interpreted as the total wealth of economy ℇ at state (see (8)), while the number = − ∘ is the increment of the total wealth of the economy ℇ at state . We can say that Debreu economy ℇ improved its position at state if > 0.
The increment of the total wealth of the economy ℇ can be obtained, among others, by activity of innovators on the market. Analogously, we define numbers ̃ and ̃ at state ̃ (see (8), (10) and (11)). By (9) we get that if ∘ ∑ ∈ * > ̃∘ ∑ ∈ ̃ * ⟹ > On the basis of property (12) we say that the state ̃ is more beneficial (more preferable) for economy ℇ than state , shortly ≺ ̃ , if and only if increment of the total wealth of that economy at state ̃ is higher than at state , formally ≺ ̃ ⟺ < ̃ . Hence if , ̃ are two feasible states of equilibrium in economy ℇ (see (8)) and ≺ ̃ , then the designer of economic activity in economy ℇ should make producers and consumers realize their optimal plans from sequence r ather than from sequence . Recall that innovators realize their innovative plans and that is why they are elements of the sequence adequately or ̃ (see (8)). Hence the sufficiently large number of innovators allows, in many cases, for the gain of an increment of the total wealth of the Debreu economy at a possibly high level.
Analogously, we say that states ̃ and are equally beneficial (indifferent), in short ̃ ∼ , if the increments of the total wealth of that economy at state and at state ̃ are equal, precisely ̃ ∼ ⟺ = ̃ . On the basis of the above, we say that state ̃ is at least preferred as state if it is more beneficial or indifferent. Formally,
be the Debreu economies and ℇ ⊂ ℇ ′ and ℇ ⊂ ℇ ̃ ′ on time interval [0,1]. We can implement the results of that part of the paper to the economies ℇ ′ and ℇ ̃ ′. On the basis of the above results, the designer can order the adopting mechanisms in the set of possible economies ℇ ′ for which ℇ ⊂ ℇ ′, which differ only in price system, formally in the set:

CONCLUSION
In contrast to some neo-Schumpeterian studies, where two kinds of mechanisms in the framework of Schumpeterian evolution, namely the innovative evolution mechanism as well as the adopting mechanism were only indicated and considered verbally, we distinguished and modeled them in a general and rigorous manner. Moreover, some of these mechanisms appear to be qualitative ones, which reveal their complex structure and can be a promising starting point for further analysis of these types of mechanisms. We have also precisely explained the motivations of innovators and the reason for which the innovations are adopted into the producers' and consumers' plans of action and, in consequence, their influence on the components of states of equilibrium.
The criteria for comparing the two types of modeled mechanisms, based on some properties of the adequate set of outcomes, also were presented. They enable, among others, the measurement of the innovativeness of the processes under study, as well as the comparison of the feasible states of equilibrium in the modified economies. All this can be the basis for further research. Especially, the role of market leaders in the evolutionary processes seems to be worth studying as well as examining the "best" or at least the